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Looking Forward, Looking Back: Rosh Chodesh Av

Excerpted from Erica Brown’s In the Narrow Places: Daily Inspiration for the Three Weeks, co-published by OU Press and Maggid Books 

Day 14: Rosh Hodesh Av
Looking Forward, Looking Back

The Shabbat immediately before Tisha B’Av is referred to as “Shabbat Hazon.” A “hazon” is a vision or prophecy. Usually when we speak of visions we think optimistically about the future. The texts we recall on Shabbat hazon, however, are of doom and devastation. The ancient Israelites are referred to as a brood of evildoers, as depraved children. God bemoans the loss of intimacy between Him and the people.

In this single chapter the destruction of Zion and Jerusalem is predicted. Sodom and Gomorrah are mentioned repeatedly; the sense of sin and the difficulty of extricating oneself from it weigh heavily on the reader. But one underlying theme emerges about the nature of the sin that brings about alienation from God: religious piety in place of human justice and equity. God criticizes the bringing of offerings to the Temple, and Holiday times filled with hypocrisy:

Bring no more vain offerings; incense of abomination they are to Me; as for new moons and sabbaths and the calling of assemblies, I cannot bear iniquity along with solemn meeting. Your new moons and your appointed feasts My soul hates: they are a trouble to Me; I am weary of enduring them. (Isaiah 1:13–14)

God articulates disgust through the agency of the prophet. Occasions that are traditionally joyous have become burdensome. Why?

The reason for God’s anger is mentioned twice in this chapter: the neglect of widows and orphans. God remands the people: “Devote yourself to justice; aid the wronged. Uphold the rights of the orphan; defend the cause of the widow” (ibid. 1:17). This strong recommendation is backed up by the reality that greed has blinded people from helping those most vulnerable: “Your rulers are rogues and cronies of thieves, every one avid for presents and greedy for gifts; they do not judge the case of the orphans, and the widow’s cause never reaches them” (ibid. 1:23).

Neglect of widows and orphans is not a new theme in the biblical text. We are admonished in Exodus and Deuteronomy to care for those most vulnerable in our society. What do Isaiah’s strong words add? Isaiah’s point is a legal one. According to Rashi, the prophet is pointing a finger at a justice system where bribes are accepted out of avarice, and those unable to pay – like the widow and orphan – have their cases postponed to a later date. Because the vulnerable are not given top priority in the justice system, they stop using the courts. Now we understand the causative relationship in the verse: “They do not judge the case of the orphans, and the widow’s cause never reaches them.” Because the case of orphans is neglected, the widows never bother to come.

An indictment of a legal system is ultimately an indictment of society. We all have moments when we ignore the urgent needs of those around us. We don’t do it willfully; we assume that someone else will take care of the problem. Growing up in a democracy, we naturally assume that when agreement cannot be reached between people, a government agency will step in and adjudicate. Our tax payers’ dollars will come through; a social service institution or charitable non-profit will pick up the pieces.

In the haftara for Shabbat Hazon, the prophet Isaiah presents a  subtle message about the status of orphans and widows. We must ensure that they get the same legal protections and benefits as everyone else so that they, too, will experience the heft of justice and of an equitable system of law that offers them a fair hearing and a platform for grievance: “Uphold the rights of the orphan; defend the cause of the widow.” Do not call yourself a pious person unless you are part of building a just society. “Though you pray at length,” God says, “I will not listen” (ibid. 1:15). Those who cannot speak kindness and justice cannot be heard in their time of need. There is a language barrier. God will not hear the prayer of those who separate religious obligation from human compassion. The religious world view must encompass both.

Every day presents an opportunity to make our lives more whole, less fragmented, more honest and less compartmentalized. We are all hypocrites in one way or another. We strive to be good but stumble. We aim for consistency but miss the mark. So instead of trying to change the whole world at once, perhaps we can make minute but meaningful steps to promote justice. Small acts of justice are the bricks of any future Mikdash.

Kavana for the Day 

According to the Talmud (Shabbat 31a), when we reach heaven at the  end of our lives, God asks us a series of questions. One of them is: Have you worked for the world’s redemption? This doesn’t mean, “did you wait for the Messiah”; it implies that we must actively create the kind of environment where a messiah could exist and flourish, a place endowed with a spirit of compassion and social justice. There is no better way to redeem the neglect of the widow and orphan than by lending a hand towards the most vulnerable in society. Call up a local shelter and volunteer for a few hours. When we call it a shelter, we mean that it is a safe refuge for those who need temporary housing and protection. But ironically, we are often sheltered from the rawness of those who need its services because we live such cushioned lives. The shelter protects them, but distances us. “Un-shelter” yourself by seeing the way the other half lives. It may become a good habit.

 

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Birkat Yitzchak – Pinchas

Excerpted from Rabbi Menachem Genack’s Birkat Yitzchak Chidushim U-ve’urim al HaTorah

 

פרשת פנחס

א

טיבה של ברית כהונת עולם שניתנה לפנחס

פינחס בן אלעזר בן אהרן הכהן (כה, יא)

לפי שהיו השבטים מבזים אותו הראיתם בן פוטי זה שפיטם אבי אמו עגלים לע”א והרג נשיא שבט מישראל, לפיכך בא הכתוב ויחסו אחר אהרן (רש”י; והוא מגמ’ סנהדרין פב, א).

א. ביאור דברי הגמ’ הוא, שהנה פירוט יחוסו של פנחס כאן אינו מובן, שהרי בסוף פר’ בלק (כה, ז) כשהרג פנחס את זמרי כבר כתוב: “וירא פנחס בן אלעזר בן אהרן הכהן ויקם מתוך העדה ויקח רומח בידו”, וא”כ למה היה צריך הכתוב ליחסו עוד פעם לאהרן בתחילת פרשת פנחס.

ואשר נראה לבאר בזה, שפנחס לא היה כהן, שהרי רק אהרן ובניו נמשחו לכהונה ואלו שנולדו מהם אח”כ אכן יהיו כהנים, אבל פנחס שנולד קודם לא היה נמשח לכהונה, ואחר שהרג פנחס את זמרי ונתן לו הקב”ה ברית כהונת עולם נעשה פנחס כהן.

אלא שיש לעיין בענינה של ברית זו, אם היתה עומדת לכהונה בפני עצמה, דאף דלא היה צריך פנחס להיות כהן כיון שלא נולד מבניו של אהרן אחר שנמשחו, מ”מ היתה לו ברית מיוחדת להיות כהן. וכמו שמצינו שמשה רבינו היה לו דין כהן ושימש ככהן גדול בימי המלואים, והיה לו דין כהונה בפני עצמו, שהרי משה אינו מבניו של אהרן [ועיין בתוס’ (ע”ז לד, א ד”ה במה שמש משה) אי שימש משה רק בימי המלואים ככהן גדול או כל מ’ שנה במדבר]. או דלמא, מה שפנחס נעשה כהן אח”כ אינו דין כהונה מיוחדת, אלא שעתה מטעם הברית נחשב פנחס לכהן מפני שהוא מבני בניו של אהרן, וכהונתו היא מפני מה שהוא מזרעו של אהרן.

והנפק”מ בזה הוא, אם בניו יהיו כהנים אחריו. שהרי משה אף שהיה כהן גדול אבל בניו אחריו לא היו כהנים רק לויים, כיון שלכהונת משה היה דין בפ”ע שאינו עובר לבניו, אבל לפנחס היה דין כהונה שנתייחס אחר אהרן, וא”כ גם בניו אחריו היו כהנים וכדמפורש בקרא, והיתה לו ולזרעו אחריו ברית כהונת עולם. ונראה שזו הסיבה לכך שהכתוב בתחילת פרשתנו מייחסו לאהרן הכהן, לומר שהכהונה שניתנה לו עכשיו היא שנחשב לכהן מן הטעם שהוא מזרעו של אהרן ודומה בזה לשאר הכהנים.

ועיין בדעת זקנים מבעלי התוס’ עה”פ “והיתה לו ולזרעו אחריו” שכתב, וז”ל: “שיהא משוח מלחמה מכאן ואילך, וזש”ה במלחמת מדין “אותם ואת פנחס בן אלעזר הכהן לצבא” וכו’, מכאן אמרו רז”ל דלא נתכהן פנחס עד שהרגו לזמרי. ובהכי ניחא מה שהעולם מקשים היאך הרג פנחס את זמרי ונטמא למת דאיכא למימר דעד עכשיו לא נתנה כהונה אלא לאהרן ולבניו אבל לבני בניו לא, וגם במלואים תמצא כתיב לאהרן ולבניו תעשה כתנות ולא בני בניו. ועוד י”ל, דהניחו לזמרי גוסס ולא מת ממש וגוסס אינו מטמא. ועל זה הקשה הר”ר שמואל שהרי משמיני למלואים היה פנחס משוח מלחמה, שכן מונה שמחה זו בשבע שמחות שהיתה אלישבע אשת אהרן יתירה על האחרות שהיה בן בנה משוח מלחמה ושמא משם נתן לו להיות משוח מלחמה אבל לעבודה ולדורות לא וכאן ניתנה לו הכהונה לכל מילי ולזרעו אחריו”.

והנה ממה שכתב הר”ר שמואל שפנחס היה משוח מלחמה מימי המלואים אבל לא לעבודה ולדורות, נראה כוונתו דהיה לו דין כהונה בפ”ע מימי המלואים אבל לא לעבודה, ולכן בניו אחריו לא היו כהנים כיון שלא היה דין כהונה מטעם שהיה זרעו של אהרן, ואח”כ כשנתן לו הקב”ה ברית כהונת עולם היה כהן משום שנתייחס אחר אהרן, ולכן היה כהן לכל מילי ולדורות.

אלא דעדיין צ”ע איך יהיה לכהן דין משוח מלחמה בלא דין כהונה לעבודה, שהרי משוח מלחמה הוי קדושה נוספת על קדושת כהונה. אבל באמת כעין זה מצינו גבי משה רבינו שהיה לו דין כהן גדול ואעפ”כ לא היה כשר לגבי ראיית נגעים כמבואר בגמ’ זבחים (קב, א).

ב. והנה לכאורה עוד נ”מ יש בזה, לגבי חלל. דעיין ברמב”ן על התורה (ריש פ’ אמור) על הפסוק אמור אל הכהנים בני אהרן וגו’, וז”ל: “וטעם הכהנים כי במצות אשר הם בעניני הקרבנות יאמר אל אהרן ואל בניו, ולא יזכירם בשם הכהנים, כי הענינים ההם בקרבנות או במעלות הקדש. אבל בכאן יזהיר שלא יטמאו במת לעולם אפילו בעת שלא יבואו במקדש והיא מעלה להם בעצמם ולכך הזכיר הכתוב הכהנים, לאמר כי בעבור שהם כהני ה’ ומשרתי אלוקינו יאמר להם שיתנהגו כבוד וגדולה בעצמם ולא יטמאו לעולם, והנה החללים מוצאים מן הכלל הזה”.

והכלי חמדה פירש בכוונת הרמב”ן דישנם שני דינים בקדושת כהונה. א’, קדושה הבאה להם מאבותם שהם מתייחסים לאהרן הכהן, וב’, קדושה עצמית שיש להם וזהו האוסרן ליטמא למתים ולינשא לנשים פסולות, אבל מה שמותרים בעבודה זהו משום שהם בני אהרן, ולכן חלל אף שאין לו קדושת כהונה ומותר ליטמא למתים ולינשא לפסולות, מ”מ בדיעבד עבודתו כשרה, שהרי אף שאינו כהן מ”מ הוא מבני אהרן. [ועיין מה שכתבתי בזה בספרי חזון נחום (סי’ כט) ולעיל פרשת אמור.]

והנה אי פנחס נתכהן משום שהוא זרעו של אהרן, א”כ אם היה בזרעו חלל – עבודתו היתה כשרה משום שהוא בכלל בני אהרן, אבל אי מה דנתכהן פנחס היה דין כהונה בפני עצמו, אפשר דעבודת חלל היתה פסולה. ונראה דזהו מה דקאמר בפסוק “פנחס בן אלעזר בן אהרן הכהן” – דפנחס היה גם ע”פ דין מבני אהרן ולכן חלל מזרע פנחס שעבד עבודתו כשרה.

ועיין ברמב”ן (ריש פרשת פנחס) שכתב, וז”ל: “ולא אמר הכתוב והיתה לו ולזרעו אחריו כהונת עולם כמו שאמר באהרן, אבל אמר ברית כהונת עולם ואמר את בריתי שלום שיתן לו ברית עם השלום דבק בו, ובאהרן נאמר לכבוד ולתפארת, ולכך אמר אשר קנא לאלקיו. והמשכיל יבין”. ועיין באור הלבוש (מובא בהערות הרב ח”ד שעוועל ברמב”ן הוצאת מוה”ק) שפירש כי שינה הכתוב בהבטחת פנחס מהבטחת אהרן בתוספת ‘ברית שלום’, שהרי באהרן לא הזכיר לא ‘ברית’ ולא ‘שלום’, אמנם הוסיף בהבטחת אהרן ‘תפארת’, באמרו “לכבוד ולתפארת”, מה שלא הזכיר כן בפנחס, לכך ראה (הרמב”ן) לבאר כי אין מעלתו במעלת אהרן וכו’. והנה מדברי הרמב”ן נראה דהיה לפנחס דין כהונה בפ”ע, ולא הגיע למעלת אהרן, ולכך היה זקוק להבטחה מיוחדת שבניו יהיו כהנים אחריו.

 

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Birkat Yitzchak – Balak

Excerpted from Rabbi Menachem Genack’s Birkat Yitzchak Chidushim U-ve’urim al HaTorah

 

פרשת בלק

א

אברהם ובלעם זה לעומת זה

ועתה לכה נא ארה לי את העם הזה כי עצום הוא ממני אולי אוכל נכה בו ואגרשנו מן הארץ כי ידעתי את אשר תברך מבורך ואשר תאור יואר (כב, ו).

הנה לשון שלוחי בלק הוא כלשון ברכת ה’ לאברם, דכתיב: “ואברכה מברכיך ומקללך אאור ונברכו בך כל משפחת האדמה” (בראשית יב, ג). ופשר הדבר הוא, בלק החשיב את בלעם כשווה במעלה לדרגתו של אברהם אבינו, ובלעם עצמו ראה את עצמו כמתחרה באברהם אבינו, ולא במשה רבינו. אברהם היה נשיא אלקים וגדול בעיני כל העמים, וכן החשיב בלעם את עצמו שהינו כאברהם אבינו בדורו, שהיה נשיא אלקים וחשוב לא רק בקרב עמו בביתו ובחומותיו אלא נביא להמון גויים. אבל את משה רבנו החשיב רק כמנהיג של עם ישראל בפרט אבל לא כנביא ונשיא לאומות.

וכן מבואר ברש”י על הפסוק “ויקר אלקים אל בלעם ויאמר אליו את שבעת המזבחות ערכתי ואעל פר ואיל במזבח” (במדבר כג, ד), שכתב: “את שבעת המזבחות, שבעה מזבחות ערכתי אין כתיב כאן אלא את שבעת המזבחות. אמר לפניו, אבותיהם של אלו בנו לפניך שבעה מזבחות ואני ערכתי כנגד כולן (תנחומא שם) אברהם בנה ארבעה, ויצחק בנה אחד, ויעקב בנה שנים. ואעל פר ואיל במזבח, ואברהם לא העלה אלא איל אחד”, עכ”ל – הרי שבלעם תפס את עצמו כמתחרה באברהם אבינו.

והנה עה”פ “ויחבוש את אתונו” (כב, כא) מביא רש”י: “שהשנאה מקלקלת את השורה – שחבש הוא בעצמו [את האתון], ואמר הקב”ה רשע כבר קדמך אברהם שנאמר: וישכם אברהם בבוקר ויחבוש את חמורו (תנחומא)”. והמבואר בזה שהשכמתו של אברהם מוחזקת כמקבילה להשכמתו של בלעם. גם בזה התורה מראה לנו על כך שבלעם תפס עצמו כמתחרה לאברהם אבינו. ואע”פ שבודאי בלעם היה רחוק ממדרגתם של האבות הקדושים, הרי היו הם נשואי הערצתו – עיין ברש”י על הפסוק “כי מראש צורים אראנו ומגבעות אשורנו”, וז”ל: “אני מסתכל בראשיתם ובתחילת שרשיהם ואני רואה אותם מיוסדים וחזקים כצורים וכגבעות הללו על ידי אבות ואמהות (תנחומא)”.

והנה לפי מה שביארנו, יובן מה ששנינו בפרקי אבות (פ”ה מי”ט): “כל מי שיש בידו שלשה דברים הללו מתלמידיו של אברהם אבינו, ושלשה דברים אחרים מתלמידיו של בלעם הרשע. עין טובה ורוח נמוכה ונפש שפלה מתלמידיו של אברהם אבינו, עין רעה ורוח גבוה ונפש רחבה מתלמידיו של בלעם הרשע. מה בין תלמידיו של אברהם אבינו לתלמידיו של בלעם הרשע, תלמידיו של אברהם אבינו אוכלין בעולם הזה ונוחלין בעולם הבא שנאמר (משלי ח, כא) להנחיל אוהבי יש ואוצרותיהם אמלא, אבל תלמידיו של בלעם הרשע יורשין גיהנם ויורדין לבאר שחת שנאמר (תהלים נה, כד) ואתה אלקים תורידם לבאר שחת אנשי דמים ומרמה לא יחצו ימיהם ואני אבטח בך”. שלכאורה היה צריך התנא להציג חילוק בין בלעם למשה שהרי שניהם נביאים שוים (דלא קם כמשה בישראל אבל באומות קם והוא בלעם), וגם יובן מדוע באה ההקבלה במשנה בין תלמידי בלעם לתלמידי אברהם. אבל לדברינו א”ש, כי אמנם בלעם חשב את עצמו כמתחרה לאברהם אבינו, ושגם הוא כמוהו נשיא אלוקים.

והעירני בן אחי, הרב דניאל גנק שליט”א, שמצינו אותו לשון “שב למקומו” גבי אברהם ובלעם. באברהם, אחרי שה’ הבטיח לאברהם שלא ישחית את סדום אם יש בה עשרה צדיקים כתיב: “ואברהם שב למקומו” (בראשית יח, לג), וגבי בלעם, אחר שבירך את ישראל עוד פעם ולא היה יכול לקיים מחשבתו לקללם כתיב: “ויקם בלעם וישב למקומו” (במדבר כד, כה). ואחד מקביל לשני; אברהם רצה להציל עיר שלא היתה ראויה להצלה, ובלעם רצה לקלל עם שלא היו ראויים לקללה. ובדומה לאותו לשון של “וישב למקומו” מצינו גם אצל לבן, דכתיב ביה: “וישכם לבן בבקר וינשק לבניו ולבנותיו ויברך אתהם וילך וישב לבן למקומו” (בראשית לב, א), שגם לבן רצה להזיק ליעקב ולא הצליח, ובמדרש איתא (תנחומא סוף ויצא) שלבן הוא בלעם.

ובכל המקומות האלו דכתיב “וישב למקומו”, הכונה היא ששבו לדעתם ומצבם הקודם, ובלעם אף שלא הצליח לקלל את ישראל וראה שרצון ה’ הוא שעם ישראל יבורך, מ”מ “וישב למקומו” – עמד ברשעו ועדיין רצה לקלל את ישראל. וגם לבן רצה להזיק ליעקב ורדף אחריו, ולולא שמלאך ה’ בא בחלום ללבן ואמר לו: “השמר לך פן תדבר עם יעקב מטוב ועד רע”, היה עולה במחשבתו לעקור את הכל, אבל: “וישב לבן למקומו”, וגם כאן הכונה היא שעדיין עמד בדעתו להזיק ליעקב רק שלא עלה בידו. וכן הוא לעומת זה באברהם אבינו, שאף שלבסוף לא זכו סדום   עמורה ואחיותיהן להצלה, וכל העיירות נהפכו בגזירת נורא עלילה, מ”מ אברהם אבינו נשאר בתומו וצדקתו והאמין בה’ שמשפטו משפט הצדק והאמת, כמו שנהג בהתפללו להצלת סדום

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Parshas Balak – Ma Tovu

Excerpted from Chumash Mesoras HaRav – Sefer Bamidbar, featuring the commentary of Rabbi Joseph B. Soloveitchik

 

Parshas Balak

מַה טֹּבוּ אֹהָלֶיךָ, יַעֲקֹב; מִשְׁכְּנֹתֶיךָ, יִשְׂרָאֵל– How goodly are your tents, O Jacob, your dwelling places, O Israel!

Although from a certain perspective, Moses’ and Balaam’s levels of prophecy were comparable,  the Sages emphasized a strong distinction between the modality of their respective prophecies: Moses did not know who was speaking with him. Balaam knew who was speaking with him, as it is written: “The word of the one who hears God’s sayings” [verse 4]. Moses only spoke with God while standing, as it is written [Deut. 5:28]: “But as for you, stand here with Me.” Balaam spoke with Him in a fallen posture, as it is written [verse 4]: “who sees the vision of the Almighty, fallen yet with open eyes” (Sifri Zuta 7:89).

The prophecy of Balaam differs from that of Moses in the use of mellifluous language, metaphor, and panoramic vision of the end of days. Who can compare to Balaam in his polished and elegant speech? His words were even integrated into the Musaf prayer of Rosh Hashanah: He does not look at evil in Jacob, and has seen no perversity in Israel; the Lord, his God, is with him, and he has the King’s friendship (23:21). When a Jew enters the synagogue each morning, he recites a verse of Balaam’s prophecy: How goodly are your tents, O Jacob, your dwelling places, O Israel! The wording of Balaam’s prophecy was majestic.

When Adam and Eve first fashioned clothing for themselves, the Gemara (Sanhedrin 70b) explains that they made these clothes out of fig leaves because the Tree of Knowledge was itself a fig tree. They sought to create clothing from the very source of their sin, thus identifying themselves with the hedonic pseudo-personality that they had created through eating the fruit. God, however, created different attire for man to wear: כָּתְנוֹת עוֹר —  leather garments. The Midrash (Bereishis Rabbah 20:21) relates that in Rabbi Meir’s Torah scroll, the word עוֹר was spelled with an aleph — אוֹר, meaning light. God designed clothing to cast light upon man’s true essence, to accentuate man’s ethical personality, so man would identify with his unblemished self.

This dualism manifests itself in a person’s speech. The speech of a person who expresses feelings of holiness is compared to a “cloak of light.” Yet all too often, human speech is only a fig leaf that conceals a lack of thought and emotion. Such a person’s inner character has little substance.

The difference between Moses’ prophecy and Balaam’s is the difference between the cloak of light and the fig leaf. Moses did not know who was speaking to him… Moses only spoke with God when he was standing. When Moses delivered the word of God, he was expressing the emotions and thoughts of his own soul. Experientially, his prophecy emanated from the depths of his spirit. Rather than passively hearing the word of God, his receipt of prophecy while standing erect represents the assertion of his own personality, a personality that merged with his prophecy.

When Moses said, When you are distressed, and all these things happen upon you (Deut. 4:30), he felt anguish over the Jewish people’s suffering. When he consoled his people and said, then, the Lord, your God, will bring back your exiles, and He will have mercy upon you. He will once again gather you from all the nations, where the Lord, your God, had dispersed you (Deut. 30:3), his soul overflowed with joy for those who would return to Zion after thousands of years. Moses’ prophecy was a clear reflection of his lofty soul.

Prophecy can be a “cloak of light,” for it can express the grandeur of the prophet’s personality and his inner sanctity. However, there were also prophets whose words were nothing but fig leaves.

Balaam’s words had no connection with his cold personality. His entire prophecy was a “fig leaf” that hid his ugly spirit. Balaam knew who was speaking with him—Balaam knew that the prophetic words that he spoke were not his: God placed a bridle and hook in his mouth, as a person bridles an animal with a hook in order to lead it where he wishes (Rashi 23:16). He did not identify with what his mouth uttered. Balaam was compelled to speak the words of God even as he was unaffected by those majestic words. Unlike Moses, Balaam did not stand erect and participate in the divine prophecy.

 

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Birkat Yitzchak – Chukat

Excerpted from Rabbi Menachem Genack’s Birkat Yitzchak Chidushim U-ve’urim al HaTorah

 

 

פרשת חוקת

עבודת פרה אדומה ועבודת יום הכפורים

ג. מצינו זיקה ישירה בין פרה אדומה ליום הכיפורים, שהרי במשנה ריש מסכת יומא תנן: “שבעת ימים קודם יום הכיפורים מפרישין כהן גדול מביתו ללשכת פרהדרין”, וגם במשנה בפרה (פ”ג מ”א) תנן: “שבעת ימים קודם שריפת הפרה היו מפרישין כהן השורף את הפרה מביתו ללשכה שעל פני הבירה”. ובגמ’ יומא (דף ב, א) איתא דלר’ יוחנן שניהם נלמדו מפרשת המלואים שכתוב כאשר עשה ביום הזה צוה ה’ לעשות לכפר עליכם, “לעשות – אלו מעשי פרה, לכפר עליכם – אלו מעשי יום הכפורים”.

והנה פרה אדומה ויום הכפורים באים לכפר על מעשה העגל, כפי המבואר בפרשת חוקת (במדבר יט, ב-ג) ברש”י שהביא מיסודו של ר’ משה הדרשן, “פרה אדומה – תבוא פרה ותכפר על העגל”. וכן “אל אלעזר הכהן – ולפי שאהרן עשה את העגל לא נתנה לו עבודה זו על ידו, שאין קטיגור נעשה סניגור”, הרי דפרה אדומה באה לכפר על מעשה העגל. וכן יום הכפורים שבו ניתנו לוחות שניות אחר ששברן משה ללוחות ראשונות בשעת מעשה העגל, נבחר כיום כפרה וסליחה שבו ביום כיפר הקב”ה על מעשה העגל וניתנו לוחות שניות.

וכפי מה שביארנו לעיל בענינה של פרה אדומה – שנחשבת לגאולה מן הטומאה ומראה על גאולת ישראל, וזהו החוק של פרה אדומה שמהטומאה המוחלטת של טומאת מת ישנה אפשרות של גאולה, כמו כן הוא ביום הכפורים דכתיב ביה נמי חוקה, והחוק – הוא אפשרות התשובה והגאולה מהחטא, כדכתיב: “מחיתי כעב פשעך וכענן חטאתיך שובה אלי כי גאלתיך”. כי האפשרות של תשובה היא חסד הקב”ה ולמעלה מהשכל ובבחינת חוק. וזוהי כונת הירושלמי פ”ב דמכות הל”ו: “שאלו לנבואה חוטא מהו עונשו אמרה להם הנפש החוטאת היא תמות, שאלו לקב”ה חוטא מהו עונשו אמר להן יעשו תשובה ויתכפר לו”.

והנה אין ישראל נגאלין אלא ע”י תשובה (עיין סנהדרין צז, ב ורמב”ם פ”ז מהל’ תשובה ה”ה), ומובטחין אנו שסופן של ישראל לעשות תשובה, הרי שהתשובה והגאולה כרוכין יחד, ולכן גם פרה אדומה וגם יוה”כ מראים על גאולת ישראל, ולכן היו מזין על הכהן גדול המופרש בלשכה שעל פני הבירה מאפר כל הפרות שבעזרה.

ועוד נוסיף, שעל דרך הרמז, עשר הפרות המורות על שלבי תיקון העולם והגאולה מכוונות לעומת עשרה ימי התשובה ותיקון המעשים מריש שתא עד גמירא ביום הגדול יום הכיפורים, ועל כן מזין מכל העשר על הכהן הגדול שבו ועבודתו תלויה כפרתן של ישראל ביום הזה.

ד. והנה עבודת יוה”כ תלויה דוקא בכה”ג, ואפילו כהן הדיוט פסול לעבודת יוה”כ [ועיין במנ”ח מצוה קפה שנסתפק אם כהן הדיוט שעשה עבודת כהן גדול ביוה”כ נחשב כזר וחייב מיתה בידי שמים]. אבל תמוה, איך זה שהדבר תלוי דוקא באהרן, ומדוע לא נאמר גם כאן “אין קטיגור נעשה סניגור”, וכמו שנדחה אהרן ממעשה הפרה ועבודתה נעשית ע”י הסגן, כמו כן היה צריך להיות גם לגבי עבודת יוה”כ, ובפרט כהן גדול ביוה”כ עומד תחת אהרן [כמבואר ב’אתה כוננת’, כך שמעתי ממו”ר ז”ל].

והנראה לומר בביאור הדברים, דחלוקה היא עבודת יו”כ מעבודת הפרה. שהנה כל עבודת יוה”כ שבפרשת אחרי מות נעשית בבגדי לבן, דגמרינן דכה”ג ביוה”כ מקדש ידיו וטובל ומחליף בגדיו מבגדי זהב לבגדי לבן ומבגדי לבן לבגדי זהב. וטעם הדבר נראה שהוא מפני שהאפשרות שניתנה לעשיית תשובה ולזכות לכפרה, היא משום שישנו חלק מן האדם החוטא שלעולם נשאר טהור ולא נטמא ונתחלל על ידי החטא, ומחלק זה שנשאר טהור בלא שום זוהמא נבנית האפשרות לחזור ולעשות תשובה. ולזה מסמל החילוף בגדים מבגדי זהב לבגדי לבן; אהרן של בגדי זהב אכן חטא, ולגביו אמרינן אין קטיגור נעשה סניגור (ר”ה כו, א), אבל זוהי רק החיצוניות של אהרן הלבוש בבגדי זהב, אבל אהרן הלבוש בבגדי לבן שנכנס לפני ולפנים, לעולם לא חטא, ובתוך תוכו נשאר טהור לגמרי, ולכן לגבי עבודת יוה”כ, אהרן שעובד בבגדי לבן – כשר לעבודה.

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Parshat Chukat: Weakness – The Fatal Flaw

Excerpted from Rabbi Dr. Norman J. Lamm’s Derashot Ledorot: A Commentary for the Ages – Numbers, co-published by OU Press, Maggid Books, and YU Press; edited by Stuart W. Halpern

Weakness – The Fatal Flaw*

Our sidra this morning tells of one of the most painful episodes in biblical history, one which was seared into the consciousness of the people of Israel. It is the incident of mei meriva, “the waters of contention” (Numbers 20:13). The Israelites, after the death of Miriam, complained about the lack of water. From a mere water shortage, they escalated their complaints to a general attack on Moses, expressing a preference for having remained in Egypt as comfortable slaves over being in the desert as starving and thirsty freemen.

Thereupon, the Lord told Moses and Aaron, “You shall address the rock [or, speak concerning the rock] before them, and it will give forth its waters” (v. 8). Moses and Aaron then turned to the Children of Israel and said, “Listen here, you rebels, shall we bring forth water for you from this rock?” Then Moses raised his hand with the staff in his hand he smote the rock twice and the water came out.

The punishment ordained for Moses and Aaron was severe: “Because you did not have sufficient faith to sanctify My Name before the Children of Israel, therefore you will not enter the Promised Land but will die on this side of the Jordan” (v. 12).

What was their sin? The biblical text is unclear, and many interpretations have proposed by commentators both ancient and modern. Rashi offers the most popular explanation: Moses was commanded to  talk to the rock, and he hit it instead. However, Nahmanides is unhappy with this interpretation because everything Moses did during his ministry was performed by the striking of the staff. Besides, as we indicated above, Moses and Aaron were not commanded to speak to the rock, but about it. Maimonides maintains that the sin of Moses and Aaron was their anger. They lost their temper when they said, “Listen here, you rebels.” Nahmanides, however, criticizes this interpretation as well because, first, Moses was right in expressing his anger, and second, there are other occasions when Moses appeared to lose his temper and he was not reproached. Nahmanides therefore follows the interpretation of Rabbenu Ĥananel and maintains that the sin of Moses and Aaronwas to use the first person, “Shall we bring forth water,” rather than, “Shall He (the Lord) bring forth water.”

My own interpretation, which I respectfully submit to you, is an expansion and modification of that offered by Abarbanel and certain modern exegetes: The misdeed of Moses and Aaron was that of weakness. The first reaction of Moses and Aaron when they heard the rebellious plaints of the Children of Israel was not the immediate response of challenge, but of fear and retreat.

Moses and Aaron retreated from before the congregation to the entrance of the Tent of Meeting and there they fell on their faces. When they should have stood up, they fell back.

More precisely, I believe we can pinpoint the sin of Moses in the second strike of the staff. Permit me to explain.

Moses and Aaron started to assert themselves when they confronted the Children of Israel and said, “Listen here, you rebels.” However, they kept themselves back. They restrained their response. Now psychologists, especially psychoanalysts, have taught us that inhibited aggression is usually directed against the self or against inanimate objects. If I am angry at someone and secretly wish to harm him I will stamp my foot or slap my thigh.

Now, the first time that Moses struck the rock was understandable. Everything he did, from splitting the Red Sea to bringing forth water, was performed with a strike by the staff. However, the second time he hit the rock, it was an act which expressed misplaced hostility, originally felt toward the Israelites, now redirected towards the rock.

Why was that wrong? What should he have done? Simply this: He should have expressed his anger directly to the Israelites, rather than the inanimate rock. Crudely put, he should have wielded the staff not on an innocent rock, but on the heads of this ungrateful and recalcitrant people who, after thirty-eight years in the desert, still proved that they were immature slaves, still whining, “Why did you take us out of Egypt?” One could expect this from a generation that was born in slavery and still primitive and immature – not from a generation born in freedom in the wild desert.

Moses and Aaron should not have fled, not have feared, not have conceded, not have compromised, not have taken it out hysterically on a rock. They should have encountered the Israelites with force and indignation.

In other words, Moses and Aaron were taught – and through them, we are taught – that weakness in a leader can be a fatal flaw.

Jewish leaders have always been commanded to be tender and loving. Moses and David are, in our tradition, the archetypes of gracious leadership. Both were taken from the sheepfold to become the shepherds of Israel. Just as a shepherd must learn to look after every stray lamb, to pick it up tenderly and hold it close to his breast, so must the leader of our people be a shepherd to human charges. But not always! There are times that strength and power and courage and resistance are called for in a leader. So, the first King of Israel, Saul, was deposed because he was too merciful, too compassionate, too soft, towards Amalek, where he should have been firm and strong. The Talmud (Ketubot 103b) tells us about the death of Rabbi Judah the Prince, who was both the most eminent scholar of his generation and the nasi, the political leader of all of Israel. On his deathbed, his children came in to bid him farewell. Rabban Gamliel, his son, entered, and his father transmitted to him the orders of leadership, telling him how to conduct himself as his successor. And he said to him, “My son, conduct your presidency with strength.” Lead from on high, with dignity and power and pride.

Leadership is not meant for diffident weaklings. A leader must often act against the masses. A leader need not necessarily be a “consensus president.” He must be at the head of his people and sometimes demand of them, reproach them, rebuke them. That vox populi vox dei, that the voice of the people is the voice of God – is not a Jewish idea!

The Torah teaches us something of historic importance in recording the punishment meted out to Moses because of that second strike. Weakness is a fatal flaw in Jewish leadership. Sometimes you think you are being good when you are really doing evil. You think you are helping, and you are destroying. You submit to momentary compassion, and in the process you lose the Promised Land.

A Jewish leader must be gentle but must also be strong. He must be considerate but must know how to use power. Power, of course, can corrupt. But the attainment of a good life requires the benevolent use of power. Without it, we are in contempt of emuna (faith) and we have failed to perform kedushat Hashem (the sanctification of God’s Name).

When we do use power benevolently, then it becomes a source of blessing: “Blessed are You, O Lord, ozer Yisrael bigvrura (who girds Israel with strength).”

And blessed is Israel when it responds with its own strength.


*June 24, 1972

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Birkat Yitzchak – Korach

Excerpted from Birkat Yitzchak – Chidushim U-ve’urim al HaTorah by Rabbi Menachem Genack


פרשת קורח

א

קורח דתן ואבירם מרדו במלכות משה

עיין ברמב”ן בתחילת הפרשה שכתב שקורח לא מרד נגד משה קודם, מפני שהעם היו אוהבים את משה כנפשם ושומעים אליו, ואילו היה אדם מורד על משה בזמן ההוא היו סוקלים אותו, ולכן סבל קורח גדולת אהרן וסבלו הבכורים מעלת הלויים וכל מעשיו של משה, אבל בבואם אל מדבר פארן ונשרפו באש תבערה ומתו בקברות התאוה רבים, וכאשר חטאו במרגלים לא התפלל משה עליהם ולא בטלה הגזרה מהם, ונגזר על כל העם שימותו במדבר, אז היתה נפש כל העם מרה והיו אומרים בלבם כי יבואו להם בדברי משה תקלות, ואז מצא קורח מקום לחלוק על משה וחשב כי ישמעו אליו העם. עכ”ד

.וכן עיין ברמב”ן (טז, ד ד”ה ויפול על פניו), וז”ל: “ולא ויפלו – כי אהרן במוסרו ובקדושתו לא ענה דבר בכל המחלוקת הזו, ויהי כמחריש וכמודה שמעלת קורח גדולה ממעלתו, אבל הוא עושה כדבר משה ומשום גזירת מלך”, עכ”ל

והנה מבואר מדברי הרמב”ן שקורח באמת היה חולק על משה, ונחשב מורד במלכות, שהרי למשה רבינו היה דין מלך כמבואר בגמ’ זבחים (קב, א) ובקרא “ויהי בישורון מלך” דקאי אמשה רבינו (עיין שמות רבה פר’ מח סי’ ד). והנה דתן ואבירם שנצטרפו לעדת קורח לחלוק על משה, כבר קודם בחירת משה היו חולקים עליו בנקודה הזו באומרם: “מי שמך לשר ושופט עלינו” (שמות ב, יד), דהיינו אין לך דין מלך, וכלשון דאז אמרו עכשיו ג”כ בחולקם על משה: “כי תשתרר עלינו גם השתרר” (במדבר טז, יג). וכן עיין ברמב”ן שביאר, וז”ל: “אמרו: המעט ממך כי עשית עמנו רעה גדולה להמיתנו במדבר שהיינו ראויים לרגום אותך, כי תשתרר עלינו אפילו שררה מועטת לשלוח לנו לעלות לפניך, כל שכן  שתמלוך ותתנשא עלינו”, עכ”ל

והנה נאמר: “ויחר למשה מאד ויאמר אל ה’ אל תפן אל מנחתם לא חמור אחד מהם נשאתי ולא הרעותי את אחד מהם” (במדבר טז, טו), ועיין ברמב”ן (ד”ה לא חמור אחד מהם נשאתי), וז”ל: “אמר מה שררה אני משתרר עליהם, כי מעולם לא לקחתי מהם אפילו חמור אחד לעשות צרכי כדרך המלכים או השרים, כי זה משפט המלוכה דכתיב (ש”א ח, טז) ‘ואת חמוריכם יקח ועשה למלאכתו’. וזהו הטעם של אונקלוס [שתרגם על אתר “נשאתי” -] “שחרית”, שכך נקראת אנגריא של מלך – ‘שחוור’. הזכיר הדבר הקטן שבדיני מלכות, וחזר ואמר ולא הרעותי את אחד מהם, לשומו במרכבתי ובמלאכתי כאשר יאות למלך, או להטות דינו ולבזות על כבודו, כי כלל על הרעות כולן”. ונמצינו למדים, שמרע”ה טען שאף שמדיני מלך היתה לו זכות לנהוג בכל שררת מלך, וכפרשת המלך, מ”מ הוא לא נהג בשררה, ודתן ואבירם אמנם מרדו במלכות כמו קורח

[ועיין בספר בראשית (לז, יז) שכשהאחים לקחו את יוסף היו בדותן, ואף הם לא קבלו את עול מלכותו של יוסף, ומלכות יוסף כמו מלכות משה, נתייסדה על בסיס גדלותו ורוממותו, ויש רמז בשם המקום “דותן”, שדתן הוא הוא החולק תמיד על מלכות משה]

.זו הסיבה שחז”ל קבעו כהפטרה לפרשת קרח את בקשת העם למלך כיון שמאסו בשמואל, אף שהיה לו דין מלך והיה נביא גדול, וזה מקביל לסיפור של המרידה ע”י קורח ודתן ואבירם במלכות משה

 

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Parshat Korach: Korach’s Rebellion 5: A Misunderstanding?

Excerpted from Rabbi Shmuel Goldin’s Unlocking the Torah Text – Bamidbar, co-published by OU Press and Gefen Publishing House

Korach’s Rebellion 5: A Misunderstanding?

Context

As the Korach narrative moves towards its dramatic and violent climax, God turns to Moshe and Aharon and commands: “Separate yourself from amid this eida [assembly], and I shall destroy them in an instant!”

Immediately Moshe and Aharon fall on their faces and object: “O God, God of the spirits of all flesh, shall one man sin, and You be angry with the entire eida?”

God responds: “Speak to the eida, saying, ‘Get yourselves up from all around the dwelling places of Korach, Datan and Aviram.’ ”

Questions

What exactly transpires in this strange interchange between God, Moshe and Aharon? Apparently we must accept one of two possibilities. Either God changes His mind as the conversation unfolds or His use of the term eida changes contextually.

Specifically, to which eida (assembly) does God refer when He warns Moshe and Aharon, “Separate yourself from amid this eida, and I shall destroy them in an instant”?

Is the entire nation initially imperiled by God’s wrath, as Moshe and Aharon apparently assume? This approach allows for a consistent understanding of the term eida throughout the dialogue but requires an acceptance that God “changes His mind,” for He first threatens to destroy the eida (the entire nation), but relents upon hearing the objections of Moshe and Aharon. He then commands these leaders to move the eida away from the rebel camp.

Or…do Moshe and Aharon actually misunderstand God’s intent? Perhaps all along God threatens to punish only the participants in Korach’s rebellion. This approach allows for consistency in God’s plan but requires accepting a shift in God’s use of the term eida. God initially threatens to destroy the eida, referring to the rebel camp. When Moshe and Aharon erroneously assume that the entire nation is imperiled, God explains His intent more clearly and commands these leaders to separate the eida, the nation, from the rebels.

Approaches

A
A number of classical commentaries, including Rabbeinu Chananel and the Kli Yakar, maintain that Moshe and Aharon initially misunderstand God’s intent. God, from the outset, only intends to punish the rebels. When God proclaims, “Separate yourself from amid this eida, and I shall destroy them in an instant,” he is threatening to destroy only Adat Korach, Korach’s assembly.

Moshe and Aharon, however, misinterpret God’s threat to destroy the eida as referring to the entire nation and they, therefore, object: “…shall one man sin, and You be angry with the entire eida?”

In response, God adopts Moshe and Aharon’s use of the word eida (referring to the entire nation), and clarifies His aim: “Speak to the eida [nation], saying, ‘Get yourselves up from all around the dwelling places of Korach, Datan and Aviram.” I never intended to destroy the entire nation. As long as the people move out of harm’s way, they will be safe.

B
Raising a series of objections to Rabbeinu Chananel’s approach, the Ramban exclaims: “Far be it [from us to say] that Moshe failed to understand his own prophecy and drew a mistaken conclusion.” Instead, the Ramban, Rashi and numerous other authorities adopt the position that Moshe and Aharon are correct in their initial assessment of the danger facing the Israelites. God fully intends to punish the entire nation in response to Korach’s rebellion and only relents after hearing Moshe and Aharon’s plea. According to these scholars, the meaning of the word eida remains consistent through the entire passage and refers to the nation as a whole.

Rashi and the Ramban do disagree, however, on one critical point.

Reflecting an earlier Midrashic tradition, Rashi maintains that Moshe and Aharon object to the fundamental inequity in God’s intended punishment of the nation. The people have done nothing wrong, they argue, and there is no excuse for a knowing God to inflict punishment upon the innocent. This argument, Rashi explains, courses beneath the surface of the terse conversation recorded in the text:

Moshe and Aharon: “O God, God of the spirits of all flesh…” Thou Who knows all thoughts: Yours is not the way of flesh and blood. A king of flesh and blood is unable to fully determine the identity of those who rebel against him. When angered, therefore, he exacts retribution upon all. To You, however, all thoughts are revealed and You know who the sinner is. Therefore, “Shall one man sin, and You be angry with the entire assembly?”

God: You have spoken well. I know and shall make known who has sinned and who has not sinned.

The Ramban, on the other hand, in contrast to Rashi, insists that the Israelites fully deserve their threatened punishment. At the onset of Korach’s rebellion, this scholar maintains, the Israelites are solidly supportive of Moshe and Aharon. As the rebellion progresses, however, Korach skillfully convinces the people that, in attempting to regain the privileges of the firstborn, he is defending the entire nation’s honor as well as his own. By the time the trial of the rebels begins, the Israelites’ support of Moshe and Aharon has waned and the entire nation stands in grave peril.

Confronted with this looming disaster, Moshe and Aharon successfully focus God’s attention on Korach as the principal perpetrator and, thereby, protect the people.

[Note: According to both Rashi and the Ramban, this event emerges as one of several in the Torah where God seems to change direction in response to the prayers of man. See Bereishit: Noach 1, Approaches A; Shmot: Teruma 1, Approaches B; Ki Tissa 5, Approaches D; Shelach 1, Points to Ponder B; for discussions of some of the philosophical issues raised by this phenomenon.]

C
Another approach to this dramatic interchange between God, Moshe and Aharon can be suggested if we accept the possibility that while God does indeed threaten the entire nation with destruction, He does so with an ulterior motive. Over the course of this cataclysmic episode, God deliberately sets out to educate the Israelites to a lesson critical to their continued national development: the lesson of involvement.

Perhaps, as the confrontation between Moshe and the rebels reaches its climactic moments, the people see themselves as innocent, neutral bystanders. Unwilling to take a stand between the powerful protagonists, the Israelites “hedge their bets”: Let us watch this drama unfold and we will reap the benefit of the results. If Moshe and Aharon emerge victorious, we will remain loyal to them. Nothing will have changed. If, on the other hand, Korach and his followers triumph, they will gain our allegiance.

Perceiving the Israelites’ collective neutrality, God threatens the entire people. “Separate yourself from amid this eida [entire nation],” he commands Moshe and Aharon, “and I shall destroy them in an instant!”

Moshe and Aharon reply, “O God, God of the spirits of all flesh, shall one man sin, and You be angry with the entire eida?” O Lord, the people are not guilty. They have done nothing wrong.

God responds: “Speak to the eida, saying, ‘Get yourselves up from all around the dwelling places of Korach, Datan and Aviram.’ ” Moshe and Aharon, you are mistaken. At critical times like these there is no place for neutrality. There can be no innocent bystanders. Choices must be made.

Tell the people to vote with their feet. Let them move away from the tents of Korach, Datan, Aviram and their followers; and, by doing so, let them publicly reject the rebels and their cause. The moment has come for the people to decide and, through their decision, determine their own fate.

This approach preserves both linguistic and thematic uniformity over the course of the conversation between God, Moshe and Aharon. The term eida consistently refers to the entire nation as God sensitizes the people to the moral imperative of involvement. God does not “change His mind.” Instead, He instructs the people to change. At critical moments in human experience, He informs them, there are no innocent bystanders. Decisive choices must be made and acted upon….

Points to Ponder

“All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to do nothing.”

This statement, often attributed to the Anglo-Irish statesman Edmund Burke, has certainly been painfully proven over the long, turbulent course of Jewish history. Throughout the centuries, the horrific evil perpetrated against the Jewish people has been directly enabled by the apathy of those who stood and watched. The silence of the world in the face of the Holocaust is only the most dramatic iteration of this tragically recurring phenomenon.

While, however, we are quick to point to this failing in others, the lesson rooted at the scene of Korach’s trial cuts both ways.

We can justifiably demand the active pursuit of justice from others only if we are willing to engage in that pursuit ourselves. While we, as Jews, clearly have the right to dedicate our greatest energies and efforts towards securing the welfare of our own global Jewish family, we cannot become so insular that the legitimate struggles of others escape our notice and support.

A number of years ago, at the height of the crisis in Macedonia, as the airwaves were filled with images of Albanian refugees languishing in refugee camps, I received an unexpected call from a member of my congregation, himself the son of Holocaust survivors. “My parents were interned,” he said, “in a refugee camp following World War II. My father clearly remembers the kindness of a stranger, a visitor, who brought him a blanket against the cold. In the aftermath of my father’s experiences in the Shoah, that simple act of compassion made such a profound impression that it stayed with him for the rest of his life.

“Given my father’s experiences, I cannot daily watch the pictures of suffering refugees without doing something. Rabbi, would you be willing to join with me on a mission to aid Albanian refugees in a Kosovar refugee camp?”

Not fully believing that my congregant was serious, I agreed, and, to my vast surprise, soon found myself traveling to Skopia, Macedonia, along with over a dozen other volunteers. There, we joined with young Israeli youth leaders in bringing much-needed supplies, programs and human contact to the refugees.

Among the many aspects of that experience that will remain with me always is the memory of a quiet meeting prior to our departure. We sat around a table in the synagogue library as the participants shared their motivations for joining the mission. The remarks of one member of the group were particularly telling: “For years,” she said, “I’ve heard stories of the actions of a select few ‘righteous Gentiles’ who courageously acted on behalf of Jews. Now, I want to be a righteous Jew.”

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Parashat Shelach: On Showing Your True Colors

Derashot Ledorot - Numbers cover

Excerpted from Rabbi Dr. Norman J. Lamm’s Derashot Ledorot: A Commentary for the Ages – Numbers, co-published by OU Press, Maggid Books, and YU Press; Edited by Stuart W. Halpern

On Showing Your True Colors*

This morning’s portion concludes with the famous passage concerning the commandment to wear fringes, tzitzit, on our garments. The Torah demands that one of the four threads, which are to be doubled over into eight, should be colored tekhelet, a heavenly blue. The law requires that this dye be prepared from the blood of a special mollusk or snail called the ĥilazon. Today we no longer know exactly the identity of this ĥilazon; even in the days of the Mishna it was scarce. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of Jews today do not wear any tekhelet in their tzitzit, although some few groups maintain that they can definitely identify this mollusk and therefore do wear one thread of tekhelet in their fringes.

Now, far beyond the emblematic or symbolic value of the tzitzit, this commandment is full of deep religious meaning and mystical significance. But in addition to this, permit me to commend your attention to a sensitive ethical-moral point regarding the tekhelet proposed by the Talmud (Bava Metzia 61b). The Sages quote God as saying, “I will punish one who affixes a thread of blue dyed with kala ilan and announces that it really is tekhelet.” Now, the tekhelet, coming from the rare mollusk ĥilazon, is expensive and scarce; kala ilan is a common and cheap vegetable dye, called indigo. One who dyes his fringes with kala ilan and proclaims it to be tekhelet is therefore palming off the artificial as genuine. The statement in the Talmud is, therefore, a protest against hypocrisy and deception.

How often we witness – or, indeed, are ourselves the victims of – such sham piety and duplicity. We all too often have personal experiences with people who pretend to be righteous and decent, but are really quite ignoble and selfish. And we wonder: Why should such people get away with it? The Talmud, therefore, promises us that God, in His good time, will exact justice on such people. He, as the embodiment of emet, truth, will not abide for long such dissimulation by unprincipled people.

Two instances of recent events come to mind, in both of which we Jews collectively were the victims of this prevarication of people posing in kalan ilan as if it were tekhelet, in indigo substituted for true blue.

The first of these is the official proposal of the Vatican this week that Jerusalem be internationalized. The Vatican is, of course, deeply troubled by the safety of the shrines in the Holy Land. Indeed, how touching, how moving! So profound is its concern that it desires all of Jerusalem to be put under international control. For twenty years no Jews were permitted to visit the Wailing Wall, whereas members of other faiths were permitted access to their shrines. During all this time, the Pope was silent. He acted like a true reincarnation of one of his predecessors who will go down in history as the Pope of Silence. The man who considers himself the symbol and leader of all religions of the world did not utter a single word of protest as long as an Arab flag was flying over Jerusalem, but the minute the Israeli flag was hoisted over the Holy City, he has become exercised. He apparently was untroubled by the slaughter of human beings; he is moved by concern for holy places – provided it is the Israelis who are in control.

No, this is not the tekhelet of righteous concern; this is kala ilan – his true colors are showing! Let all those amongst us who were the proponents of theological dialogue with the Vatican, all those who considered those who were reluctant to engage in these dialogues as discourteous and uncivilized in not accepting an invitation to talk – let them ponder what has happened this week. Talk, unfortunately, is cheap. Actions speak far louder. The Vatican is the one who proposed “fraternal dialogue” as part of its new doctrinal structure. Look what has come of it – it is the ersatz-blue of kala ilan, not the authenticity of tekhelet.

The second item that comes to attention is the important speech of the French ambassador to the United Nations a day or two ago. Now, I do not refer to the major contents of his speech. As a compassionate people, we must be profoundly sympathetic with an ambassador who must attempt to make logical, moderate, and ethical a position taken by his chief of state which is not only illogical but almost absurd, totally immoderate despite its protestations of “objectivity,” and not only not ethical but treacherous because it represents a unilateral abrogation of a solemn treaty with the State of Israel. What I say, therefore, I intend as a footnote to an important address.

In the course of his speech, the ambassador averred, in attempting to demonstrate France’s objectivity and neutrality, that France has never been guilty of racialism against the Jews. What a jejune and empty remark that is! Forgetting the famous Dreyfus case, his statement is particularly infelicitous considering that this very day, June 24, 1322, exactly 645 years ago – after the Jews were accused of poisoning the wells, after massacres and slaughter of Jews in many cities in France, and after the French government levied an enormous fine on all Franco-Jewish communities – on this very day in 1322 another head of France by the name of Charles, King Charles IV, expelled all the Jews from France! For thirty-seven years thereafter, no Jews were to be found in this country.

No, not every country, especially in Europe, can boast of no anti-Semitism tainting its questionable past. It would be much better for France never to use its own lily-white record as proof of its “objectivity” towards Israel. The ambassador’s tzitzit are showing; and though he would like them to appear blue, they are kala ilan, not tekhelet.

However, there is no need to berate a human failing that is all too common. I know you will agree with me in condemning hypocrisy and that I am therefore preaching to the converted. Permit me, rather, to commend to your attention what was said on this talmudic passage by the late and sainted thinker and scholar Rabbi Abraham Ĥen in his sefer BeMalkhut HaYahadut, namely that the reverse is true as well! God is also displeased with one who possesses the genuine tekhelet and yet proclaims that it is merely the artificial kala ilan. God not only will punish the hypocrite who passes off the artificial as genuine, but He also dislikes the coward who disguises the authentic as the inauthentic. In other words, there is a strong, neurotic tendency for some people to have the courage only of other people’s opinions – but not their own! hey are afflicted with a moral weakness – they are ashamed of their elementary decency, they are apprehensive lest they have too good a reputation; they are fearful lest their virtue prove anti-social.

Does that sound strange? Yes – but it is a fact nonetheless. There are, apparently, those who wear tekhelet, but proclaim that it is only kala ilan.

Have you ever seen a man enter a restaurant in the company of colleagues or business associates, be handed the menu, and with nervous eyes darting in all directions clear his throat and apologetically whisper that he is a vegetarian? Of course, the real reason is that he is kosher. Why attribute to kala ilan what is really tekhelet?

Or, a man is invited to participate in a Friday night engagement, and he declines by explaining that Friday nights he reserves as “family night.” Family night? How about Shabbat? Why not call tekhelet by its own name instead of announcing it as kala ilan?

There are some parents who send their children to day schools and who explain to their neighbors that they do so because they prefer “smaller classes.” But why not say outright that the only way to survive meaningfully is through providing a Torah education for your child? Why call it kala ilan when in fact it is tekhelet?

There are even some people who believe their own propaganda when they proclaim that they support Israel, “because it is the only democracy in the Near East.” How foolish! And if Syria were a democracy? And if Nasser were elected by parliamentary procedure, as was Hitler? And if Israel were not American-style democracy in all essentials? Would we then be unconcerned with the fate of Israel? Is our loyalty only political and nothing more? Does not the love of Israel and our solidarity with the people and the state transcend the political considerations? Let us call tekhelet by its right name!

It sometimes happens that a Jew comes to me after I have “caught” him in an act of mitzva, and he will apologetically assert, “Rabbi, don’t get me wrong: I am not really religious!” What kala ilan! I just do not believe it. After witnessing the fantastic religious spirit that overcame our people when we liberated the Wailing Wall, I firmly believe that every Jew possesses the spark of Godliness, the nitzotz of Jewishness. I know of no non-religious Jews. I know only of Jews who have fulfilled their religious potential to a greater extent, and those who have not yet done so. Jews wear tekhelet! I cannot bring myself, in all honesty, to declare it kala ilan.

There is one biblical personality who symbolizes this attempt to disguise tekhelet as kala ilan, and that is Judah. You recall that he played a special role in the unfortunate episode of the maltreatment of their brother Joseph. The brothers had planned to kill Joseph. But Judah, who was a natural leader, saved Joseph’s life by telling the brothers (Genesis 37:26), “What profit will it bring us if we kill him?” Let us better sell him into slavery.

Now, the Rabbis were quite harsh on Judah for this statement. They declared (Sanhedrin 6b) that “whoever praises Judah is considered a blasphemer,” and they applied to such person the verse from the Psalms (10:3), “He who blesses the profit-taker has blasphemed the Lord.”

But why, indeed, were they so harsh on Judah? Did he not, after all, save Joseph’s life?

The answer, I suggest, is that Judah did not really believe what he said – that they ought to save Joseph only because it will bring them profit. In fact, immediately after his statement of “What profit…?” he says to them: “Let us not injure him, because he is our brother, our own flesh and blood.” In other words, Judah was posturing. Out loud, as his ostensible reason for not killing Joseph, he said it will bring us no profit if we kill him; but sotto voce, whispering quietly his real reason, he said that Joseph must not be harmed because one does not destroy his own brother, his own flesh and blood! Judah thus was a man of tekhelet – but he posed as nothing more than a penurious person of kala ilan! His reasons were noble, but he expressed them in the sinister language of the marketplace. No wonder that the verse ends with the words, “And his brothers heard.” But of course they heard – he was, after all, addressing them! What the Torah means is that they heard Judah’s real reason. They listened with an inner ear. They were not impressed with the “profit” argument, but understood the real, underlying motivation of Judah – the ethical reason that one does not harm his own brother.

That is why our tradition considers him a blasphemer – for indeed it is a blasphemy and a desecration of the divine image to disown your own innate nobility, to deny your inner genuineness. We must, by all means, show our true colors!

As we make our way to vacation or travel this summer, and no doubt come into contact with many new people, let us take along with ourselves this lesson of tekhelet and kala ilan. Never, never, Heaven forbid, may we dissemble and declare as tekhelet what is but a cheap imitation. Neither is it incumbent upon us to flaunt our tekhelet in the eyes of others, to draw unnecessary attention to our Jewishness. But, we must also not submit to the moral cowardice of disguising our tekhelet as kala ilan.

We have often heard about resisting the yetzer hara; let us not strive so mightily to resist the yetzer tov.

Let us show our true Jewish colors – and be proud of them.


*June 4, 1967.

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Parshat Beha’alotcha: Blow Your Horn

Excerpted from Rabbi Shmuel Goldin’s Unlocking the Torah Text – Bamidbar, co-published by OU Press and Gefen Publishers

Unlocking the Torah Text - BamidbarBlow Your Horn

Context

Finally, the nation stands poised to leave Sinai and begin its historic journey. One final set of divine directives, however, must yet be given.

God turns to Moshe and states: “Make for yourself two chatzotzrot kesef, trumpets of silver; of beaten work shall you make them; and they shall be for you for the summoning of the assembly and to cause the camps to journey.”

Sounded by the priests, these silver trumpets will be used to herald a journey, gather the nation, strengthen the people in the face of challenge and mark the commemoration of festivals and celebrations.

Based upon the specific language “Make for yourself,” the rabbis discern a striking distinction between the trumpets and all other utensils fashioned by Moshe in the wilderness. While other utensils were appropriate for use in future generations, Moshe’s trumpets were his alone, to be used only during his lifetime. Each future generation would have to fashion its trumpets anew.

Questions
One can’t help but be a bit disappointed by the final laws given at Sinai….

Firstly, why do the trumpets merit mention in the Torah text at all?

The Altar, the Menora, the Table and other similar utensils described in the text are clearly unique, sanctified objects to be used in conjunction with the worship of God in the Sanctuary. Their inclusion in the Torah is certainly understandable.

The trumpets, however, seem to be primarily utilitarian in nature: “And they shall be for you for the summoning of the assembly and to cause the camps to journey.” Other practical tools must have been fashioned by the Israelites over the course of their wilderness journeys. Why are only the trumpets mentioned?

Secondly, the chatzotzrot occupy a powerfully pivotal place in the text. The laws concerning their creation and use represent the last directives given by God before the Jewish national journey begins. One would expect the final edicts transmitted at Sinai to be particularly significant, culminating commandments, designed to set the nation on its way. Even if the instructions concerning the chatzotzrot do belong in the text, why are they placed here? Couldn’t God have found a more significant mitzva with which to launch our nation’s journey?

Finally, why are the chatzotzrot generation-specific? Why are we not permitted to pass them down, like all other sacred utensils, from one generation to the next?

Approaches
A
A close reading of the text reveals that there is much more to the function of the chatzotzrot than first meets the eye. While the initially recorded use of the trumpets does seem utilitarian, their later recorded role is much more complex:

And when you go to wage war in your land against the adversary that oppresses you, then you shall sound an alarm with the trumpets, and you shall be recalled before the Lord, your God, and you shall be saved from your foes.
And on the day of your gladness, and on your festivals, and on your new moons, you shall sound the trumpets over your burnt offerings and over your feast peace offerings; and they shall be a remembrance for you before your God; I am the Lord, your God.

The sounding of the trumpets described in these passages is far from ordinary. Here, the chatzotzrot are apparently used to communicate with God, their sounding a form of wordless prayer, designed to pierce the heavens.

B
As our understanding of the role of the chatzotzrot expands, a fascinating pattern begins to emerge.

The Torah identifies two distinct sounds created by the chatzotzrot:
1. The tekia: A long, unbroken sounding of the trumpet; associated in the text with congregational assembly, leadership assembly and communal celebration.
2. The terua: A broken sounding of the trumpet; associated with a call to travel and the advent of war.

Apparently, even the initially mentioned usage of the trumpets is not solely utilitarian. The sounds of the chatzotzrot consistently mirror the mindset of the people at the moment of their sounding. Times of comfort and stability – such as occasions of assembly and celebration – are marked by a tekia, an unbroken sound of certainty. Times of uncertainty, challenge and distress, on the other hand – such as occasions of journey and war – are associated primarily with the terua, a broken, uncertain sound.

C
The concept of connection between ritually created sounds and the mindset of those sounding and hearing them finds further support from another, more familiar halachic source, recognizable to most Jews.

The broken and unbroken blasts created by the chatzotzrot are the same sounds created by the blowing of the shofar on the yearly “Day of Judgment,” the festival of Rosh Hashana, the “head” of the Jewish year. In Temple times, in fact, the sounding of the shofar was actually accompanied by the simultaneous sounding of the trumpets.

While both the tekia and the terua are sounded on Rosh Hashana, however, only the latter is clearly connected to the festival in the Torah text. So central, in fact, is the association between the broken sound of the shofar and Rosh Hashanah that the Torah refers to this holy day as Yom Terua, a day of terua, and Zichron Terua, a remembrance of terua. The message is clear. The aura of Rosh Hashana, the yearly Day of Judgment, is captured by the terua, the broken, uncertain sound of the shofar.

The deep bond between Rosh Hashana and the terua sound underlies the rabbinic attempt in the Talmud to define the actual nature of this broken blast. Tellingly, the rabbis identify the terua either as a series of nine short, staccato blasts, symbolizing an individual in the act of sobbing, or as a series of three somewhat longer sounds (a series known to us as a shevarim), symbolizing an individual in the act of sighing. According to both positions, the broken sound of the shofar dramatically depicts the image of a “broken” individual, standing in spiritual and emotional distress before the Heavenly Court.

Just as the notes of the chatzotzrot mirror the internal state of the Israelites at the time of the trumpets’ sounding, so, too, the blasts of the shofar reflect the internal turmoil of each individual standing on Rosh Hashana, in judgment before God.

D
The message emerging from this imagery, however, strikes even deeper. Once we thematically connect the trumpet and shofar blasts, further consideration of the sounding of the shofar on Rosh Hashana can help us better understand the role of the chatzotzrot. The blasts of the shofar, after all, are not meant to simply mirror the internal struggle of an individual standing in judgment before God. These sounds are instead designed to awaken, cultivate and develop that very struggle.

The halachic verdict in a fascinating rabbinic debate mirrors this understanding of the mitzva. Some authorities maintain that the blessing to be recited before the sounding of the shofar should read, “Blessed art Thou, Lord our God, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to sound the shofar.”

The Rambam and others, however, argue for the text “Blessed art Thou, Lord our God, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to hear the sound of the shofar.” Furthermore, the Rambam explicitly and repeatedly states that the mitzva is to “hear the sound of the shofar.”

In practice, the Rambam’s position is adopted as law and the blessing is universally pronounced “to hear the sound of the shofar.”

Numerous authorities amplify this halachic decision. Clearly, they maintain, the shofar blasts are not only a form of wordless prayer directed to the Almighty, but also sounds that we direct to ourselves.

The Rambam himself proclaims: “Although the sounding of the shofar on Rosh Hashana is an unexplained edict of the text, a lesson is embedded within it: ‘Awaken slumberers from your sleep…examine your ways…return to and remember your Creator…. Look into your souls, examine your ways and actions, and let each one of you abandon his evil path.’ ”

Set at the beginning of the year, as our personal journeys begin again, the sounding of the shofar is designed to arouse the one element essential to all religious striving: our own human spirit, our heart and our soul. That awakening accomplished, the shofar sounds then reflect our spirit back to God in wordless, heartfelt prayer.

E
Here, then, is the key to the mitzva of the chatzotzrot. Like the shofar sounds, the blasts of the trumpets are designed to awaken and to reflect the one final component essential to the success of the Jewish journey: the indomitable human spirit lying in the heart of each Israelite.

As the people prepare to depart Sinai, God turns to Moshe and says: I have given you all that I can. The laws, the symbols, the rituals and the legal process are all in place. Now, however, you must add the one ingredient that I cannot; the one essential element that must come from each of you, of your own free will.

Create for yourself chatzotzrot…sound them again and again…and let those trumpets awaken your spirit, in times of certainty or doubt, in times of celebration or conflict. Meet each of these vastly different circumstances with the same inner strength and devotion. Above all, remember that all that I have given you will be meaningless without the investment of your spirit and your soul….

And if you are successful, then the notes of those trumpets will themselves be transformed into wordless prayer, piercing the vaults of the heavens and reaching My Heavenly Throne. For those sounds will represent your spirit and soul as no words can.

F
There could be no more appropriate mitzva with which to leave Sinai than the mitzva of the chatzotzrot: trumpets designed to awaken the spirit of the Israelites as their historic journey begins; trumpets that will be forged anew, over and over again, as each generation rouses its own unique spirit to meet the challenges of the day.

Points to Ponder

Two areas of consideration can be suggested as we consider the mitzvot of the shofar and the chatzotzrot.

I. Chatzotzrot: Awakening
I recently attended a rabbinic meeting called to consider the national agenda of the American Orthodox Jewish community. The question posed to us, a small group of rabbis gathered from across the United States, seemed straightforward enough: “Out of the multitude of possible religious, social, communal and national concerns facing the Jewish people today, what are the principal issues that we should be addressing most directly? What are our priorities, our burning concerns?”

It didn’t take long at all, however, for the discussion to take an unexpected, extraordinary turn. Almost to a one, those present suggested that we had missed a step. Before we could discuss issues of concern, we felt, first we had to discuss how to cultivate concern in the first place. We each described common experiences – a sense that, together with our congregants, we were going through the motions, absent the passion and spark.

The older among us reminisced about our experiences during the Soviet Jewry movement, when an energized global Jewish community rallied around a common cause. We bemoaned the fact that today, in spite of the myriad issues confronting the State of Israel, national organizations are reluctant to convene major rallies for fear of disappointing turnout.

We all spoke of the challenges we face in our attempts to arouse the passion of our respective communities around the experiences of Shabbat, Torah study and prayer. “I just wish that my congregants could become half as passionate about their spiritual search,” said one participant, “as they are about their sports teams.”

Perhaps we rabbis are partially at fault for failing to properly convey the excitement that should accompany searching for God’s will in all aspects of our lives, entering the eternal Jewish discussion through the portal of textual study, reaching beyond ourselves in heartfelt prayer and so much more. Perhaps times are different and “taking to the streets” has yielded to more sophisticated approaches, such as lobbying on Capitol Hill. Perhaps in our intellectual communities, we automatically look askance at emotionalism and fervor within religious worship.

Nonetheless, God’s final commandments to the Israelites as they prepare to depart Sinai speak to us all. Absent the spark, spirit and passion that has characterized our people’s relationship with God across the ages, our own personal religious experience is sorely lacking.

When it comes to the awakening of our spirit, we can hand the task to no one else. Each of us is challenged to fashion and sound our own symbolic chatzotzrot in order to truly experience the adventure of Sinai in our day.

II. The Clarion Call of the Shofar
Why is the shofar of Rosh Hashana always sounded in sets of three? The pattern is uniform: a broken sound of the shofar (a terua, shevarim or a combination shevarim-terua) unfailingly encompassed by two unbroken tekiot.

According to one position in the Talmud, the answer lies in a fascinating linguistic anomaly associated with the sounding of the chatzotzrot.

As indicated in our study, wilderness journeys were marked by the sounding of a terua on the trumpets. In recording this instruction, however, the Torah does not use the verb derived from the term terua, but rather the verb derived from the term tekia. In addition, the verb appears in the text both before and after the mention of the terua. Based upon this textual phenomenon, the rabbis conclude that a broken sound of the shofar is never sounded alone. Each time a terua is sounded, whether on the chatzotzrot or on the shofar, it is always to be preceded and followed by an unbroken tekia.

While neither the Torah nor the rabbis offer a rationale for the consistent enclosure of teruot within tekiot, two suggestions might be offered.

Firstly, and most obviously, this halachic detail mirrors the faith-based optimism that permeates our entire tradition. The broken sounds of the trumpets and the shofar never appear in isolation. No matter how difficult the times may be, no matter how overwhelming the challenge, we believe with a full heart in God’s personal care for us and in His promises to our people. Even though a terua may define our present experience, the tekia will eventually be heard.

Secondly, the threefold sounding of the chatzotzrot and the shofar speaks to the way that Jews view time. To the outside world, only the present is certain. The past is a dim memory, the future hidden in mists of mystery. To the Jew, however, the opposite is true. The past is as certain as the clarion call of the shofar at Sinai; the future, as certain as the tekia that will herald the Mashiach. The only thing that is uncertain is the here and now. What role will I play in the unfolding drama of my people?

The threefold sounding of the shofar squarely presents the Jewish vision of past, present and future for our consideration on Rosh Hashana. We are reminded that the task of each individual Jew is to transform his own personal terua into an unbroken tekia, thus uniting the clarion call of the past to the clarion call of the future, which is certain to come.